When the personal computer first became affordable on the open market in the early 1980s, progammes were stored on tape and had to be loaded up each time the computer was switched on. Rapid advances were made and before long, document storage and file storage onto hard disks and floppy disks became the norm. A hard disk is installed into the computer’s base unit or tower. They are capable of storing massive amounts of data depending upon their size. The first floppy disks were five and a quarter inches square and were inserted into a floppy disk drive in the personal computer’s base unit.  A few years later, their size was reduced to three and a half inches.

Both sizes of disk were useful because of their portability but a limited amount of document storage was possible. The three and a half inch floppy disk, for example, only holds 1.4Mb of data.  For a while zip-drives became popular for document or file storage since they had a higher capacity than their only slightly smaller counterparts, the three and a half inch floppies. Typically they had a capacity of up to 250Mb.

Both are now being replaced by either CD or DVD, more portable and capable of storing a much increased amount of data. Nowadays people are carrying even more data around on their key-rings. The USB pen, which is effectively another hard-drive that simply plugs into the USB port on the computer tower, is a remarkable device and who knows what will be next in the area of digital technology.

In 1928, IBM introduced a file storage format that almost doubled the amount of data that could be recorded on a card. The style consisted of rectangular hole 80 columns and by the mid 1930’s IBM predicted that there would soon be no such thing as a round hole card.

Interestingly, that format was still being used in the early 1990s for two reasons.

IBM had patented the rectangular format, which meant that their competitors could not use it and were only able to use the old less efficient method of file storage. The other reason is that Remington Rand, one of IBM main competitors, changed from Hollerith’s code to a six-bit code allowing 90 columns of text to be stored on the old 45 column card.

At that time, Iowa University was punching student name on cards but other universities were developing four-digit numeric encoding of names, which was most commonly used to avoid the cost of buying expensive alphanumeric machines.

Remington Rand bought UNIVAC and integrated their new card format with UNIVAC computers. In many ways the UNIVAC card code was better than IBM’s rectangular format. UNIVAC’s system was still be used at Macy’s department stores throughout the 1960s.

However, it was not only the retail sector that continued to use this system in the 60s, the New York City tax department, Long Island Lighting and the Polaris missile control were also still using the 90 column card system. In the mid-70s a UNIVAC system was seen at a naval weapons station

Although Charles Babbage only tinkered with different design ideas for an analytical engine and never built one, he did suggest that punch cards would be used for the storage of data. This prevented an American entrepreneur, Herman Hollerith, from claiming the patent rights on using cards for file storage.

Hollerith, after perfecting his first line of electromechanical machines which included a punch, a tabulating machine to process the data punched on cards, and a sorting machine, formed a company, the Tabulating Machine Corporation. It had an uncertain start and might have collapsed if an experienced business manager by the name of Thomas Watson had not been hired.  One of Watson’s moves was to change the company’s name to International Business Machine, now better known by its acronym IBM.

The original card size used for file storage, as invented by Herman Hollerith, has remained the same, seven and three-eighths by three and a quarter inches. Before 1929 this was the standard size for most US banknotes. It is said that Hollerith chose these dimensions to be able to store the cards in boxes made for the Treasury Department.

Originally the code used for data card recording in the 1890 census had 22 columns which had eight punch positions each. As the need for more information to be stored on these cards grew, higher density formats came into being and by the end of the 1920s the standard format was 45 columns of round holes with 12 punch positions per column.  How file storage has changed!